54 results
Contributors
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- By Ghazi Al-Rawas, Vazken Andréassian, Tianqi Ao, Stacey A. Archfield, Berit Arheimer, András Bárdossy, Trent Biggs, Günter Blöschl, Theresa Blume, Marco Borga, Helge Bormann, Gianluca Botter, Tom Brown, Donald H. Burn, Sean K. Carey, Attilio Castellarin, Francis Chiew, François Colin, Paulin Coulibaly, Armand Crabit, Barry Croke, Siegfried Demuth, Qingyun Duan, Giuliano Di Baldassarre, Thomas Dunne, Ying Fan, Xing Fang, Boris Gartsman, Alexander Gelfan, Mikhail Georgievski, Nick van de Giesen, David C. Goodrich, Hoshin V. Gupta, Khaled Haddad, David M. Hannah, H. A. P. Hapuarachchi, Hege Hisdal, Kamila Hlavčová, Markus Hrachowitz, Denis A. Hughes, Günter Humer, Ruud Hurkmans, Vito Iacobellis, Elena Ilyichyova, Hiroshi Ishidaira, Graham Jewitt, Shaofeng Jia, Jeffrey R. Kennedy, Anthony S. Kiem, Robert Kirnbauer, Thomas R. Kjeldsen, Jürgen Komma, Leonid M. Korytny, Charles N. Kroll, George Kuczera, Gregor Laaha, Henny A. J. van Lanen, Hjalmar Laudon, Jens Liebe, Shijun Lin, Göran Lindström, Suxia Liu, Jun Magome, Danny G. Marks, Dominic Mazvimavi, Jeffrey J. McDonnell, Brian L. McGlynn, Kevin J. McGuire, Neil McIntyre, Thomas A. McMahon, Ralf Merz, Robert A. Metcalfe, Alberto Montanari, David Morris, Roger Moussa, Lakshman Nandagiri, Thomas Nester, Taha B. M. J. Ouarda, Ludovic Oudin, Juraj Parajka, Charles S. Pearson, Murray C. Peel, Charles Perrin, John W. Pomeroy, David A. Post, Ataur Rahman, Liliang Ren, Magdalena Rogger, Dan Rosbjerg, José Luis Salinas, Jos Samuel, Eric Sauquet, Hubert H. G. Savenije, Takahiro Sayama, John C. Schaake, Kevin Shook, Murugesu Sivapalan, Jon Olav Skøien, Chris Soulsby, Christopher Spence, R. ‘Sri’ Srikanthan, Tammo S. Steenhuis, Jan Szolgay, Yasuto Tachikawa, Kuniyoshi Takeuchi, Lena M. Tallaksen, Dörthe Tetzlaff, Sally E. Thompson, Elena Toth, Peter A. Troch, Remko Uijlenhoet, Carl L. Unkrich, Alberto Viglione, Neil R. Viney, Richard M. Vogel, Thorsten Wagener, M. Todd Walter, Guoqiang Wang, Markus Weiler, Rolf Weingartner, Erwin Weinmann, Hessel Winsemius, Ross A. Woods, Dawen Yang, Chihiro Yoshimura, Andy Young, Gordon Young, Erwin Zehe, Yongqiang Zhang, Maichun C. Zhou
- Edited by Günter Blöschl, Technische Universität Wien, Austria, Murugesu Sivapalan, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Thorsten Wagener, University of Bristol, Alberto Viglione, Technische Universität Wien, Austria, Hubert Savenije, Technische Universiteit Delft, The Netherlands
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- Runoff Prediction in Ungauged Basins
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- 05 April 2013
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- 18 April 2013, pp ix-xiv
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Acknowledgments
- Charles S. Pearson
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- Economics and the Challenge of Global Warming
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- 05 June 2012
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- 19 September 2011, pp xi-xii
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3 - Discounting and Social Weighting (Aggregating over Time and Space)
- Charles S. Pearson
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- Economics and the Challenge of Global Warming
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- 05 June 2012
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- 19 September 2011, pp 43-72
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Summary
Introduction
This chapter continues our inquiry into whether benefit cost (BC) is an appropriate tool for setting global-warming policy. It considers the controversial and related issues of discounting and social weighting. Underlying the discounting debate is a central question: Given that damages will extend over centuries, does the very process of discounting inevitably rule out strong action today to limit global warming? Underlying the social weighting debate is another central question: If we discount the consumption of future generations because they may be richer than us, should we not also weight the losses to the poor more heavily than losses to the rich?
The structure of the chapter is as follows. After some preliminaries, we review the descriptive and prescriptive approaches to the discount rate. Next we examine the so-called Ramsey equation, which underpins most of the global-warming discount literature. The final section considers “social” or “equity” weighting of costs and benefits.
Contents
- Charles S. Pearson
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- Economics and the Challenge of Global Warming
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- 05 June 2012
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- 19 September 2011, pp vii-x
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Index
- Charles S. Pearson
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- Economics and the Challenge of Global Warming
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- 05 June 2012
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- 19 September 2011, pp 227-231
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Economics and the Challenge of Global Warming
- Charles S. Pearson
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- 05 June 2012
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- 19 September 2011
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Economics and the Challenge of Global Warming is a balanced and comprehensive analysis of the role of economics in confronting global warming, the central environmental issue of the twenty-first century. It avoids a technical exposition in order to reach a wide audience and is up to date in its theoretical and empirical underpinnings. It is addressed to all who have some knowledge of economic concepts and a serious interest in how economics can (and cannot) help in crafting climate policy. The book is organized around three central questions. First, can benefit-cost analysis guide us in setting warming targets? Second, what strategies and policies are cost-effective? Third, and most difficult, can a global agreement be forged between rich and poor, North and South? While economic concepts are foremost in the analysis, they are placed within an accessible ethical and political matrix. The book serves as a primer for the post-Kyoto era.
9 - Beyond Kyoto
- Charles S. Pearson
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- Economics and the Challenge of Global Warming
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- 05 June 2012
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- 19 September 2011, pp 206-221
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Summary
Almost two decades ago, the UNFCCC set as its primary objective the stabilization of atmospheric CO2 at levels that avoid dangerous interference in the climate system. That effort is now tottering. The previous chapter establishes both the need for and the difficulties in reaching a comprehensive and effective international agreement on climate change. The time frame for doings so is narrowing. Emissions reduction obligations under Kyoto expire at the end of 2012 and there is no comprehensive and binding arrangement to take its place. Moreover, the window for attaining moderate concentration and temperature targets is closing.
In the period before the 2009 Copenhagen meeting, many proposals for a post-Kyoto agreement were floated. These ranged from a fully elaborated, gradually implemented cap-and-trade system setting forth emission targets for all countries and all decades (Frankel 2010) to a strategy of supporting “climate accession deals” that would contribute to developing countries’ interests and emission reduction, but which need industrial countries’ financial, technical, or administrative support (Victor 2010). All of these proposals need rethinking in light of outcomes at Copenhagen.
1 - Climate Change
- Charles S. Pearson
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- Economics and the Challenge of Global Warming
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- 05 June 2012
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- 19 September 2011, pp 9-18
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Summary
This chapter is for readers who are not familiar with the basic facts of climate change and climate change policy. The Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), released in 2007, provides comprehensive information. It consists of a Synthesis Report and reports from three working groups: WG I (The Physical Science Basis), WG II (Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability), and WG III (Mitigation of Climate Change). The fifth Assessment Report is due in 2014.
The Science
The scientific basis of climate change is well established, although many quantitative relations are subject to great uncertainty. Briefly, certain gases emitted into the atmosphere change the earth’s energy balance by allowing incoming shortwave solar energy to enter but inhibiting exit of longwave energy. The result is that increases in the concentration of these gases in the atmosphere change the energy balance, resulting in a rise in temperature.
10 - A Summing-Up
- Charles S. Pearson
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- Economics and the Challenge of Global Warming
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- 05 June 2012
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- 19 September 2011, pp 222-226
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Summary
Conclusions
There is no “atmospheric economics” distinct from “terrestrial economics.” Analyzing global warming requires the standard economic tools. But because of the unique characteristics of climate change – the time frame, the uncertainty, and the global aspects – some tools have been sharpened or redesigned to meet new challenges. The clearest examples are in discounting, policy under profound uncertainty, integrated modeling of economic and environmental systems, environmental policies using market incentives, policies in second-best contexts, and the economics of global public goods. In addition, value judgments and thus ethical issues permeate global warming economics to an unusual extent and are reflected in the literature.
How successful has economics been in answering the three questions that form the structure of the book? The answers are mixed. Benefit cost (BC) is the main approach to determining how warm is too warm. Its origins in building dams and bridges with public funds are far removed from climate change, and its weaknesses in this latest assignment are easy to document. The main ones are the uneasy relations between efficiency and equity, discounting over many generations, which is a novel task for BC, and the limited ability to accommodate profound uncertainty. These weaknesses are compounded by long-standing difficulties in monetizing environmental effects and in using social weighting. The last is of special importance in light of current and prospective inequities in the international distribution of income and the disproportionate damages to be borne by poor countries.
6 - Targets and Tools
- Charles S. Pearson
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- Economics and the Challenge of Global Warming
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- 05 June 2012
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- 19 September 2011, pp 124-142
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Summary
The policy process typically identifies objectives, establishes targets, and selects tools or instruments to attain the targets. This chapter is mainly concerned with the tools for achieving climate policy objectives and targets. This involves a discussion of the putative advantages of market-friendly tools that use incentives and disincentives to limit greenhouse gas emissions versus regulatory tools. It also involves evaluating the three main types of market-oriented tools: taxes, cap-and-trade schemes, and subsidies. Before starting this discussion, however, it is useful to compare two types of emissions targets. As described in Chapter 9, both types are found in the Copenhagen Accord commitments and are causing some confusion.
Absolute versus Intensity Targets
Emissions of greenhouse gases are the control variable in climate policy. Emissions targets can be set in absolute quantities or in relative terms. Absolute targets are expressed in tons of CO2e and can be set at the sector, national, or global level. Relative targets are commonly known as intensity targets and are set at either the sector or national level. We are mainly interested in national-level absolute targets and in national-level intensity targets expressed per unit GDP – that is, tons of emissions per million dollars of GDP.
8 - The Challenge of International Cooperation
- Charles S. Pearson
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- Economics and the Challenge of Global Warming
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- 05 June 2012
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- 19 September 2011, pp 171-205
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Summary
Introduction
The laws of physics give de facto property rights to greenhouse gas emitters. The doctrine of state sovereignty leaves control up to individual countries. Although the elegant Coase Theorem suggests that this does not have to be a barrier to negotiating efficient levels of mitigation, the international market for cooperation appears dysfunctional. This chapter provides some partial answers as to why this is so. The subsequent chapter assesses current climate negotiations.
Climate change is a global “public bad” and preventing climate change is a global “public good.” We start with a brief conceptual discussion of these terms. This leads to the conclusion that coordinated international action, presumably through a post-Kyoto international environmental agreement (IEA), is needed. But it also highlights the serious difficulties involved. The next section considers the objectives, timing, and especially the participation in such an agreement. This may be thought of as the willingness to cooperate. A combination of carrots and sticks may encourage that willingness. The necessity for cooperation arises from the need to minimize the cost of greenhouse gas abatement and the rapidly closing window for aggressive climate policy. The case for inclusion of medium and large developing countries (and the United States) in mitigation efforts is compelling. Even with carrots and sticks, however, there appears to be a mismatch between the need for and the willingness to cooperate.
7 - Trade and Global Warming
- Charles S. Pearson
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- Economics and the Challenge of Global Warming
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- 05 June 2012
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- 19 September 2011, pp 143-170
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Summary
This chapter examines the points at which climate and climate policy intersect with the international trade system. The issue of trade and environment dates to the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Conference), and the publication in the same year by the OECD of its “Guiding Principles” concerning the international economic aspects of environmental policies. At that time, the principal concerns were the effects of environmental regulations on trade: the competitive impact of differences among countries in pollution abatement stringency; the use of environmentally related product standards as covert trade barriers; and the appropriate use of trade measures to induce or coerce trade partners into altering their environmental practices. Subsequently, an additional concern was added – the effects of international trade on the environment, and more specifically for us, the effects of trade on global warming. All of these concerns are very much with us today in the debate on trade and global warming policy.
This chapter starts with the more recent issue first – the effect of trade and trade liberalization on climate change. It then takes up the important and controversial issue of the impact of global warming policies on international competitiveness, and the related carbon leakage question. The following section examines carbon labeling, “food miles,” and related issues. The final sections consider permit trading and the so-called Dutch disease, as well as the manipulation of international trade in emissions permits.
5 - Strategic Responses
- Charles S. Pearson
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- Economics and the Challenge of Global Warming
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- 05 June 2012
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- 19 September 2011, pp 97-123
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Summary
This chapter marks a transition from our initial concern with the role of benefit cost (BC) analysis of mitigation to a broader focus on policy responses to climate change. The portfolio of responses starts with accelerated economic development and includes adaptation, a closer look at supply policy, technology, and extreme technology in the guise of geo-engineering. Each can add a useful element to the set of responses but mitigation (abatement) remains the center piece.
The Development Option
An argument can be made that the single most cost-effective response to global warming is accelerated economic development concentrated in poor countries. As discussed in Chapter 3, this strategy has a basis in efficiency and in ethics. Many (not all) economic studies suggest that in the near term, the return to investment in mitigating global warming is trumped by returns to more conventional development investments – physical infrastructure, health, education, and focused research and development. Investments that build productive capacity in developing countries also meet ethical concerns. They help alleviate poverty in the near term and help compensate future generations for climate damages by leaving them a larger productive base. Perhaps most important, all of the adaptation literature demonstrates that the capacity to adapt to higher temperatures is far greater in rich countries than in poor developing countries.
4 - Empirical Estimates
- Charles S. Pearson
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- Economics and the Challenge of Global Warming
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- 05 June 2012
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- 19 September 2011, pp 73-96
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Summary
This chapter describes how numbers used in benefit cost (BC) analysis materialize and are assembled. They are not simply plucked from the air, but they are not as solid as we would like, either. Our purpose is not an exhaustive description, but rather to convey the flavor of the process. We start with a brief introduction to Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs), the main tool for empirical investigation of climate policy. At the center of IAMs are damage functions that identify the impacts of climate change and attempt to put monetary values on them. Damage functions are the spline that joins the science and economics of climate change. We then dig down one level to understand where the numbers in two specific impact areas, agriculture and sea-level rise, come from. The costs of global warming include adapting to higher temperatures as well as residual damages. We continue by reviewing some recent attempts to estimate adaptation costs. Finally we look into a specific proposed response to global warming – forestry policy – from the perspective of BC analysis.
Integrated Assessment Models
All climate IAMs have two basic features. They are designed to illuminate the interconnected physical, biological, and socioeconomic elements of climate change. They are also designed to assist in policy formation. IAMs come in two flavors: policy evaluation models (simulation models), and optimization models. The first assesses the physical, ecological, or economic effects of an exogenously proposed climate policy. The second seeks out an endogenously derived optimal policy to maximize welfare or minimize cost. Optimization models generally are less detailed and less complex than policy evaluation models so as not to exceed computational constraints. While simplification involves a cost, it assists in transparency and understanding.
2 - The Role of Benefit Cost in Climate Policy
- Charles S. Pearson
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- Economics and the Challenge of Global Warming
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- 05 June 2012
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- 19 September 2011, pp 19-42
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Summary
Benefit-cost (BC) analysis comes in two flavors. The standard, “vanilla” flavor examines the monetized costs and benefits of a project or policy. If the benefits exceed the costs, the project is cleared to proceed. This approach, however, is best suited for projects for which there is only one feasible scale or level of intensity. More frequently, there is a choice of scale, and the objective is to maximize net benefits. This more exotic flavor implies two analytical steps – to calculate the scale or intensity where marginal (incremental) benefits equal marginal (incremental) costs, and then to check that at this scale, benefits exceed costs.
Benefit-cost analysis of global warming policy is done using both approaches. Some studies select a target in terms of greenhouse gas emission levels, atmospheric concentrations, or temperature change, and calculate the costs and benefits of attaining the target. In contrast, some studies attempt to calculate the level of emissions such that marginal abatement costs equal marginal benefits, and social welfare is maximized. This latter approach is more difficult as it requires knowledge of costs and benefits over a range of abatement levels. Whichever approach is taken, the least-cost, or most cost- effective, available abatement measures should be examined and selected. And whichever approach is used, costs and benefits should be converted to the same time period, implying discounting.
Introduction and a Road Map
- Charles S. Pearson
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- Economics and the Challenge of Global Warming
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- 05 June 2012
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- 19 September 2011, pp 1-8
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Summary
An economist’s guess is liable to be as good as anybody else’s.
Will Rogers, American humoristScope and Focus
Global warming is the environmental issue of the twenty-first century. Many believe it ranks with war and poverty as one of the greatest challenges to human well-being. But unlike war and poverty, which humanity has confronted for millennia, global warming is a recent concern. And unlike war and poverty, global warming is mainly a prospective threat and one that can in principle be met with pre-emptive action.
Understanding and responding to global warming requires many scientific disciplines including meteorology, climatology, and oceanography; the full array of biological and ecological sciences; and the engineering disciplines. But while science is a necessary component of policy, it is not sufficient.
Frontmatter
- Charles S. Pearson
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- Economics and the Challenge of Global Warming
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- 05 June 2012
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- 19 September 2011, pp i-vi
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Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
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References
- Charles S. Pearson, The Johns Hopkins University
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- Economics and the Global Environment
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List of Tables
- Charles S. Pearson, The Johns Hopkins University
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- 09 October 2000, pp xii-xiii
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